PRLog Free Press Release | + Bookmark This Page |
Filter News
Category
Accounting Advertising Aerospace Affiliate Program Agriculture Apparel Architecture Arts Automotive Banking Beauty Biotech Books Business Computers Construction Consumer Coupons Deals Defense Education Electronics Energy Engineering Entertainment Environment Event Family Fashion Finance Fitness Food Free Games Government Health Hobbies Home Home Business Human Resources Industrial Insurance Internet Jewelry Legal Lifestyle Literature Loans Manufacturing Marketing Media Medical Mobile Mortgage Movies Multimedia Music Non Profit Open Source Pets Photography Property Publishing Real Estate Religion Reports Research Restaurants Retail Science Security Semiconductors Services Shipping Shopping Society Software Sports Technology Telecom Textile Tourism Transportation Travel Wireless Country
Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Anguilla Antarctica Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bosnia & Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British IOT Bulgaria Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Côte D'ivoire Central African Republic Chile China Colombia Congo, The DR of Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Estonia Ethiopia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Guatemala Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Republic of Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Macedonia Malaysia Maldives Malta Mauritius Mexico Moldova, Republic of Monaco Morocco Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Réunion Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Scotland Serbia & Montenegro Seychelles Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan Tanzania, United Republic of Thailand Timor-Leste Tonga Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turks & Caicos Islands Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States United States MO Islands Uruguay Vanuatu Venezuela Viet Nam Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, U.S. Zambia Zimbabwe State / Province Select
Country FirstCity / Town Select
State First |
Hubble expansion of the Universe by Dark Energy is negated by Cosmic Dust
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE PRLog (Press Release) – Aug 12,
2009 – Background
Einstein proposed the cosmological constant be included in his field equations to avoid a collapsing Universe. But in 1929, Hubble showed the light from distant galaxies is redshift that by Doppler’s effect meant the galaxies were moving away from us at a high velocity suggesting the Universe was expanding. When Einstein was confronted with Hubble’s finding, he remarked that the cosmological constant was his “biggest blunder.” Hubble redshift as proof of an expanding Universe has been shown Paper to be invalid because of the redshift induced in cosmic dust particles (DPs) See www.nanoqed.org , "Dark Energy and Cosmic Dust ", 2009. Had Einstein questioned Hubble’s finding on the grounds, say that the redshift measured was caused by DPs, he might have rescinded to his original position that the Universe is static in dynamic equilibrium with itself. But Einstein did not, thereby initiating nearly a century of unfortunate research in astronomy that recently culminated in dark energy being adopted at the Invisible Universe Conference, Ibid, "Invisible Universe Conference", as the new cosmological paradigm only because dark energy is necessary to support an expanding Universe based on the falsity of Hubble’s redshift. Sometimes called the Zero Point Field (ZPF), dark energy is the field equivalent of the well verified Zero Point Energy (ZPE) corresponding to the quantum mechanical ground state of atoms and molecules. But unlike the ZPE, dark energy has never been experimentally verified. Instead, the measurement of Casimir forces between a pair of parallel plates in a vacuum is inferred as proof of the existence of the dark energy thought present in the gap between the plates. But the forces measured in Casimir experiments have been explained by the room temperature blackbody (BB) radiation emitted from the atoms in the surfaces of Casimir’s plates. Ibid, " Casimir Update ". Unlike the speculative dark energy, the existence of BB radiation is unequivocal. Similarity arguments therefore allow the hypothesis: "The dark energy thought to be the source of Universe expansion is BB radiation at 2.725 K." Modified Standard Model of Cosmology The DPs that induced Hubble’s redshift may be considered to be the dust of cold dark matter in the Standard Model of modern cosmology. As simulated in the Friedmann equations, the Universe is a homogeneous spherical model of submicron DPs in a bath of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation at 2.725 K. Generally accepted as a first approximation for the evolution of the Universe, the Standard Model does not include stars or clusters of galaxies because such objects are much denser than the typical part of the Universe. Unlike the collapsing Universe that troubled Einstein, the Standard Model was modified to include BB radiation induced repulsion between all DPs. Pair-wise forces between DPs therefore comprise gravitational attraction and temperature dependent radiational repulsion. At 2.725 K, the repulsion dominates attraction, but as the temperature approaches absolute zero, gravitation dominates. Numerical Simulations Numerical DP simulations allow an estimate of the Universe expansion using Newtonian mechanics for a cubical box in a molecular dynamics (MD) analysis. See Ibid, "Universe Expansion by Blackbody Radiation ". The MD computation box was located at the center of the cloud of DPs and comprised a total of 500 DPs arranged to obtain the Universe mass density 5x10^-27 Kg/m3. A generally accepted upper bound radius of the DPs in the interstellar medium is 0.25 microns, and therefore taking the DPs to be spherical amorphous silicate having density 2200 Kg/m3, each DP has a mass 1.44x10^-16 Kg. The MD simulation box therefore had sides of 24000 m with the spacing between DPs corresponding to ~ 3024 m. This is far larger than the MD box used in atomic and molecular analysis, but allows an understanding of how DP pair-wise interactions cause expansion and collapse in the Friedmann dust model. Only bounding simulations were run, the first at T = 0 that corresponds to a collapse from the regularly spaced DP lattice to a small region and the second the expansion of the collapsed region that tends to approach the initial DP configuration. The MD simulation showed the time of Universe to collapse 18000 m is about 0.34 billion years giving a rate < 1.5x10^-12 m/s. The MD simulation of expansion shows expansion velocities far smaller than given by Hubble’s law of 82 km/s-MPc which at 1 MPc corresponds to a rate of 82 km/s. About 0.025 billion years are required for the DPs to return to their configuration prior to collapse. Nevertheless, the MD expansion rate was found to be 10x greater than the MD collapse rate. This may be expected independent of the separation distance R because the repulsion at T = 2.725 K produces a net force F that is as at least 3 orders of magnitude greater than that by gravitational attraction. Conclusions 1. The Universe expansion velocities in excess of 80 Km/s based on recent redshift measurements of Supernova light are erroneous because the redshift is actually produced upon absorption of Supernova light in submicron cosmic dust. This is consistent with the MD analysis showing imperceptibly small velocities, so as to suggest a static Universe as first proposed by Einstein. 2. The BB cosmological constant is of order of 10^-40 /s^ 2 and is reasonably close to estimates based on dark energy. But this is irrelevant because the MD simulation based on Newton’s equations or the Friedmann equations in a static Universe do not depend on the cosmological constant. 3, Gravitational attraction balances radiational repulsion as BB temperatures are lowered from 2.725 K to about 0.01 K at which time the Universe begins to collapse. 4. The negation of an expanding Universe based on the redshift of Supernova light in DPs is consistent with the imperceptible velocities in a static Universe. 5. The Big Bang most likely did not begin from nothing, but if it occurred at all was caused by the collapse of the Universe on itself. Unlike the Big Bang that is assumed to occur instantaneously, static Universe # # # About QED induced Radiation: Classically, thermal EM radiation conserves heat by an increase in temperature. But at the nanoscale, temperature increases are forbidden by quantum mechanics. QED radiation explains how heat is conserved by the emission of nonthermal EM radiation. To embed this press release, copy and paste the following HTML code into your webpage-
Email to a Friend Previous News Next News
Disclaimer: Issuers of the press releases are solely responsible for the content of their press releases. PRLog.Org can't be held liable for the contents of the press releases. Report Abuse Upcoming Press Releases...
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||